Resources
Below is a collection of tools, scholarly articles, and websites on the topic of web design and assessment.
Website Assessment Tools
Google’s page speed insights is a wonderful tool to help you analyze your sites “load” speed. Go ahead and run the tool on your website. Do your pages load quickly?
Is your webpage mobile friendly? Google uses a mobile-first search engine model so even if your desktop is fast, a slow mobile site will affect your SEO results. Go ahead and run the Mobile-friendly test to get your score.
Slow response time can impact your user engagement and satisfaction and lead to a high bounce rate. Use GTmetrix to check the sites response time.
Slow response time can impact your user engagement and satisfaction and lead to a high bounce rate. Use GTmetrix to check the sites response time.
Time to first Byte (TTFB) is an important indicator of how well your site speed is performing. The ideal TTFB rate is under 200ms. Use the WebPage Test tool to test your sites TTFB
Large image files can lead to slow loading speeds and clog down your website unnecessarily. Envira Gallery Blog offers a list of free tools you can use to optimize the images on your site.
Large content files can also lead to slow site speeds and are a simple fix. unnecessarily. Meldium outlines how to optimize your sites PDF files
CSS, HTML, and JavaScript files that are larger than 150 bytes can affect your site speed and should be compressed. Gzip is a great tool to compress these files (NOTE: do not use Gzip on image files).
Hotjar is a handy tool that enables you to see how your users are actually interacting with your site. They offer a free trial period.
Scholarly Articles on Web Design
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Web Design: A Key Factor for the Website Success
Web Design: A Key Factor for the Website Success is an interesting article because researchers conducted this study from the viewpoint of the user's demands/needs and not the website's creators. The study's goal was to improve the interaction between the company (website) and the customer (user). This study concludes that consumer's behavior and perceptions are directly correlated to a properly designed website. Proper website design is crucial for building the customer database, repeat customers, and customer satisfaction. Ease of navigation throughout the website was the number one recommendation of this study (although there are many others(Flavian et al., 2009).
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A Literature Review: Website Design and User Engagement
This study aimed to outline a set of specific elements (a checklist) for designing an effective website and mobile applications. The goal was to predict user engagement with a website. They define seven critical elements based on previous research and outline and describe them in an excellent table for reference. The elements included along with their percentages in the reviewed studies are navigation (62.86%), graphical representation (60%), organization (42.86%), content utility (37.14%), purpose (31.43%), simplicity and readability (31.43%). Researchers did not include anything falling under the 30% threshold in the list of essential elements (Garett et al., 2016).
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The Relevance of Web Design for the Website Success: A heuristic analysis
This study looked at the success and failure or web design and focused on successful interfaces that generated positive consumer responses. They compared the success/failure of two websites (amazon.com and easyjet.com) to determine what factors made one successful over the other. They did this by using a small set of "evaluators" who looked through the interfaces and their usability. They identified four key factors to the success of the website: The navigation, a comprehensive internal search engine, fast page download speeds, and the visual (appealing) features (Ramadhan, 2009) .
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Enhancing the Design of Web Navigation Systems: The Influence of User Disorientation on Engagement and Performance
Disorientation on Engagement and Performance broached the topic of website user's "disorientation" due to faulty search engines or complicated web site navigation or design. Disorientation leads to user's frustration, loss of interest, loss of sales, and higher use of the "help" features on a website. Staying oriented while on a website is a recurring user issue. Reducing disorientation relieves the burden on the user and increases user engagement. User engagement is a crucial goal for system designs (Webster & Ahuja, 2006).
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Eyes Don't Lie: Understanding Users' First Impressions on Website Design Using Eye-tracking
This study intrigued me as it focused on eye-tracking – aka where a person focuses their attention on any given page. It mainly focused on first impressions of the website, and participants rated various websites on their impressions and emotional responses. The results revealed various methods that website design could improve to impact impressions and be more successful. The research results showed that the strongest impression (fixation) was on the website's main menu, thus suggesting that the navigation element is key (Sheng et al., 2013).
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The Effect of Color in Website Design: Searching for Medical Information Online
This study observed the effects that color had on a user's website experience and their subsequent rating of that site's performance. The study created an experimental medical website (based on popular website models) and tested with 120 participants. Color, gender, and ratings interacted with each other in the users' experience. Duly noted was the negative affect the color red had on males (Nordeborn, 2013) .
Websites on Web Design
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10 Highly Effective Web Design Tips Backed by Research
I found this website of particular interest because they gave a list of research-backed items to improve web design. These include Site speed, prioritizing space with key content at the forefront, simplicity, limit choices so as not to overwhelm, avoid carousels, sliders, tabs, and accordions, prioritize scrolling over clicking, use visual cues to direct your audiences attention, avoid stock photos of people – users like to connect to real people, make sure you are using the right list order, and leverage social proof (SchäferhoffNick , 2019).
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9 General Principles for Good Website Design!
This website lists nine general principles for a usable, friendly, engaging, and aesthetic website. They are: Navigation, responsive design, consistency in color scheme, comfortable user interface, meet user goals for the website, website speed, opportunities for feedback, avoid "alert" dialogs whenever possible, and migrate 404 or 500 errors. This site does an excellent job of discussing each of these principles and using examples and pictures to help you understand and improve your website (Prabhu, 2020).
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Universal Web Design Principles That Improve Usability And Conversion.
This website focuses on designs that solve problems, achieve results, and communicate a clear message. It investigates how people process visual information and applies that to sound web design principles. Visual hierarchy is examined as well as white space and clean design, Occam's Razor and the Pareto Principle, accessibility, the Golden Ratio, Gestalt Design Laws, Hick's Law, and Fitt's Law. Each principle has subsets that are thoroughly explained with plentiful examples given on each topic (Universal Web Design Principles That Improve Usability And Conversion, 2020).
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Choosing the Best Colors for Effective Web Design
This website ties in with the research paper The Effect of Color in Website Design: Searching for Medical Information Online and gives beautiful examples and images on what makes up good web design color schemes and what to avoid. The graphics are stunning, and the material is easy to understand and implement in website design improvements. It explains the best colors to use for intended purposes, color schemes, as well as where you should use color on your website (Choosing the Best Colors for Effective Web Design, 2020).
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Engaging Your Visitors: 14 Proven Ways to Increase the Conversion Rate of Your Website
This website discussed using metrics and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to measure consumer engagement on your site. It gives multiple resources and examples to help you start tracking user interactions (Saleh, 2017).
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10 Ways to Design Your Website for Mobile Speed
Excellent resource to help check and improve the speed of your website. Covers topics such as optimizing images, hosting, JavaScript, lazy loading, caching, redirects, accelerated mobile pages, tap delays, progressive web apps and plugins (Cousins, 2018).
Credits
Bateman, A. (2020, September 24). 14 Best Free Image Optimization Tools for Image Compression. Envira Gallery. https://enviragallery.com/best-free-image-optimization-tools-for-image-compression/.
Berry , S. (2020, October 1). 13-Point Site Speed Checklist: Get a Faster Site [2020]. WebFX Blog.
Biggs, J. (2019, November 29). 4 Tips for Optimizing Your PDFs for Use on the Internet. Meldium.
Carbon60. PageSpeed: Improve server response time (deprecated). GTmetrix.
Choosing the Best Colors for Effective Web Design. iPage Blog. (2020, September 7).
Cousins, C. (2018). 10 Ways to Design Your Website for Mobile Speed. Webdesigner Depot RSS. https://www.webdesignerdepot.com/2018/08/10-ways-to-design-your-website-for-mobile-speed/.
Crestodina, A. (2020, May 6). Website Navigation Best Practices - 7 Website Navigation Design Tips and Warnings.
Image Credit: Crowder, C. M. (2020). Teaching Philosophy. https://www.camerroncrowderphd.com/teaching-philosophy.html.
Flavian, C., Gurrea, R., & Orús, C. (2009). Web design: a key factor for the website success. Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 11(2), 168–184.
Garett, R., Chiu, J., Zhang, L., & Young, S. D. (2016). A Literature Review: Website Design and User Engagement. Online journal of communication and media technologies, 6(3), 1–14.
Get Your Free SEO Report from WebFX. SEO Checker | Get Your Free SEO Report & SEO Analysis Now.
gnu.org. [A GNU head] . (2009).
Goold, E. (2017, August 1). 6 Great Website Copywriting Examples (And Why They Work). Medium. https://medium.com/talking-microcopy-writing-ux/6-great-website-copywriting-examples-and-why-they-work-879030460fc4.
Google. Mobile-Friendly Test. Google Search Console.
Google. PageSpeed Insights. Google.
Heatmaps, Visitor Recordings, Conversion Funnels, Form Analytics, Feedback Polls and Surveys in One Platform. Hotjar. https://www.hotjar.com/get-heatmaps/?utm_campaign=HJ-US-Generic-Heatmap-BMM.
Nordeborn, G. (2013). The Effect of Color in Website Design: Searching for Medical Information Online (dissertation). Supervisor: Geoffrey Patching, https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjkyMnOtMbsAhUH2VkKHTt5DqQQFjAAegQIAhAC&url=https%3A%2F.%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F289952594.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2qdoB1K5Www__OGSEA1DoG.
McCoy, J. (2017, October 22). 9 Stats That Will Make You Want to Invest in Content Marketing. Content Marketing Institute. https://contentmarketinginstitute.com/2017/10/stats-invest-content-marketing/.
Meenan, P. (2020). WebPageTest.
Patel, N. (2020, January 23). Universal Web Design Principles That Improve Usability And Conversion. https://neilpatel.com/blog/web-design-conversions/.
Patel, N. (2020, January 24). The Nine Ingredients That Make Great Content. Neil Patel. https://neilpatel.com/blog/ingredients-of-great-content/.
Prabhu, T. N. (2020, January 13). 9 General Principles for Good Website Design! Medium.
Ramadhan, H. A. (2009). A Heuristic Based Approach for Improving Website Link Structure and Navigation. Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence, 1(1).
Saleh, K. (2017, April 24). Engaging Your Visitors: 14 Proven Ways to Increase the Conversion... Invesp. https://www.invespcro.com/blog/engaging-your-visitors-increase-conversion-rate-of-website/.
SchäferhoffNick , N. (2019, September 12). 10 Highly Effective Web Design Tips Backed by Research.
Sheng, H., Lockwood, N. S., & Dahal, S. (2013). Eyes Don’t Lie: Understanding Users’ First Impressions on Websites Using Eye Tracking. Human Interface and the Management of Information. Information and Interaction Design Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 635–641.
Thurow, S. (2014, September 2). The Fundamental Checklist For Website Navigation Design & Architecture – Part 1. Marketing Land.
Universal Web Design Principles That Improve Usability And Conversion. Neil Patel. (2020, January 23).
Webster, J., & Ahuja, J. (2006). Enhancing the Design of Web Navigation Systems: The Influence of User Disorientation on Engagement and Performance. MIS Quarterly, 30(3), 661-678. doi:10.2307/25148744.